How to fix text encoding issues when working with a database?

Issues with displaying Cyrillic and other non-Latin characters as question marks or mojibake are usually related to incorrect encoding settings at one of the data transmission stages.

Check the database connection settings in your application's configuration file. Make sure that an encoding supporting the required languages is explicitly specified when establishing the connection.

Ensure that the database itself, tables, and individual text fields are created with the correct encoding. Changing collation parameters at the table level often solves the problem on the storage side.

Check the HTTP response headers that your web application sends to the client. The browser must receive an explicit instruction to use the correct encoding when rendering the page.

Examine your project's source code files. They should be saved in a text editor in universal encoding without adding extra service bytes at the beginning of the file.